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"Constructing China's Indigenous Knowledge System for Science and Technology Management and Its Global Outreach" Column

Multidimensional Measurement of Original Innovation: Concep⁃ tual Clarification, Methodological Evolution, and an Integrative  Framework 

Xiao Yiqun1, 2, 3 , Chen Jin1, 2 

(1.School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 2.Research Center for  Technological Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3.Beijing Tsinghua Institute for Frontier  Interdisciplinary Innovation, Beijing 102202, China)

Abstract: Original innovation refers to highly innovative achievements that make foundational and pioneering contributions in scientific research neering practice. As differentiated research evaluation becomes increasingly important , technological development, or engi , a key  - methodological challenge is how to translate this concept into a measurement system that is inter pretable, comparable, and capable of evolving with the maturity and form of research outputs. Ex - - isting studies have developed a wide range of approaches around related constructs such as originality tions, textual semantics , novelty, radicalness , knowledge units , breakthrough, disrupti , citation networks veness, and impact , and machine learning , using knowledge combina . Yet the  - boundaries among these constructs often overlap dence and evaluative attributes remains unclear, and evidence emerging at different stages of ma , the correspondence between observable evi- - turity is frequently conflated. Building on the science-technology-engineering classification of  original innovation butes. Through a systematic review of bibliometric approaches to papers and patents , this study distinguishes types of innovation outputs from evaluative attri , it organizes  - original innovation along two dimensions gence, and identifies four evaluative attributes , comparison reference and stage of evidence emer : originality, breakthrough, disruptiveness, and  - leading influence historical stock of knowledge or technology and is best assessed primarily through the historical  . The findings are as follows: Originality concerns first creation relative to the  first appearance of substantive content novelty. Breakthrough captures substantive advances beyond the contemporary knowledge fron , supplemented by atypical combinations and semantic  - tier bridging are useful for candidate identification , technological trajectory, or performance boundary , while the resolution of major problems ; structural shifts and cross-community  , gains in  explanatory power tiveness concerns the weakening or restructuring of dependence on established knowledge or  , and critical performance leaps provide stronger substantive evidence. Disruptechnological paths after an innovation appears and can be assessed mainly through CD/DI to gether with subsequent evidence from citation context and topic trajectories. Leading influence  - refers to the formation paths and therefore requires joint consideration of impact scale , expansion, and sustained development of new knowledge or technological  , the emergence of new directions, diffusion breadth aggregate" framework for cross-attribute indicators , and persistence. On this basis, the study proposes a "decompose-reclassify- , reinterpreting measures such as KI, CD/DI, LOF mixing and double counting , radical invention indicators . Papers and patents are treated as the currently most mature large- , and machine-learning composite scores to reduce construct  sample observation carriers for scientific and technological original innovation ated indicators applied under a common four-dimensional framework and calibrated by field , with differenti- , year able , ,  output type  the framework further introduces staged dynamic updating of four-dimensional profiles and  , and maturity stage. To address differences in when evidence becomes observcomposite scores nal innovation index in which engineering and industrialization outcomes enter as realization  . It also discusses originality indices for papers and patents and an overall origigains on top of the underlying level of originality ological trajectories, type-specific observation, and dynamic measurement . By integrating conceptual clarification , the framework pro , method - - vides a theoretical and methodological basis for identifying tially evaluating original innovation. , measuring, tracking, and differen.

Key words: original innovation; conceptual classification； originality; breakthrough; disruptiveness; leading influence; multidimensional measurement; dynamic tracing